Do non-myrmocophilic epiphytes influence community structure of arboreal ants?
نویسندگان
چکیده
In a one-year-survey in Panama we examined the influence of a tree crown’s epiphyte assemblage on its ant fauna. Ants were collected with various types of insect traps in 25 crowns of Annona glabra trees. The study trees were assigned to three different categories according to their epiphyte load, and to an epiphyte-free control group. We collected 22,335 specimens of 91 morphospecies, 32 genera and six subfamilies. By far the most abundant species was Solenopsis zeteki, a minute Myrmicinae, which was found in each of the 25 study trees. Many other species were also rather common and widely distributed throughout the study area. Only six species were singletons. Measures of αand β-diversity, species abundance and species composition were not affected by the epiphyte load of a tree. We also made direct in situ observations of ants on 34 additional Annona glabra trees with and without epiphytes. Workers were attracted with tuna and sugar baits, and interspecific interactions and nesting sites were recorded. In total, 40 species of ants were found, all of which had also been collected in the traps. Almost half of the colonies (48%) used dead wood as nesting substrate, while 29% nested in epiphytes. Consistent with the results of the trap survey, the epiphyte load of the study trees had no influence on ant species richness and composition, but a significant correlation between ant abundance and epiphyte load was detectable. In both data sets, the lack of associations between ant species indicated that the ant assemblages were not structured in a mosaic-like fashion. We conclude that epiphytes do hardly influence the composition of ant assemblages in the studied tree crowns, probably because arboreal ants are highly opportunistic with respect to their host plants. In einer einjährigen Studie wurde der Einfluss von Epiphytengemeinschaften in Baumkronen auf die dort lebende Ameisenfauna untersucht. Die Ameisenfauna wurde mit zwei unterschiedlichen Methoden erfasst. Zum einen wurden mit verschiedenen Arthropodenfallen Annona glabra Bäume beprobt, die gemäß ihres Epiphytenbewuchses in drei verschiedene Kategorien und eine unbewachsene Kontrollgruppe eingeteilt wurden. Insgesamt wurden 22.335 Individuen aus 91 Arten gefangen, die 32 Gattungen und sechs Unterfamilien zuzuordnen waren. Die häufigste Art, Solenopsis zeteki, eine winzige Myrmicinae, wurde auf allen 25 beprobten Bäumen gefunden. Viele andere Ameisenarten waren ebenfalls recht weit und gleichmäßig über das Untersuchungsgebiet verbreitet. *Corresponding author: Gerhard Zotz, Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH 4056, Basel, Switzerland, Phone: +41-61 267 35 11, Fax: +41 61 267 35 04, E-mail: [email protected] 1439-1791/03/04/04-363 $ 15.00/0 Basic Appl. Ecol. 4, 363–374 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/baecol Basic and Applied Ecology Nur sechs Arten wurden in Einzelexemplaren gefunden. Weder Abundanz der Arten noch Artenzusammensetzung wurden durch die Art des Epiphytenbewuchses beeinflusst. Zweitens wurden auch in-situ-Beobachtungen an einer zusätzlichen Gruppe von 34 Bäumen derselben Baumart durchgeführt. Diese Bäume waren entweder mit Epiphyten bewachsen oder epiphytenfrei. Arbeiterinnen wurden mit Thunfischund Zuckerködern angelockt, und zwischenartliche Interaktionen sowie die Neststandorte registriert. In dieser Teiluntersuchung wurden 40 Arten bestimmt, die ausnahmslos auch in den Fallen gefunden worden waren. Etwa die Hälfte der Kolonien (48%) befand sich in Totholz und 29% in Epiphyten. Auch hier zeigte sich kein Einfluss des Epiphytenbewuchses auf die Zahl der Arten oder ihre Zusammensetzung, die Korrelation zwischen Ameisenabundanz und Epiphytenbewuchs war aber signifikant. In beiden Teilstudien gab es keine signifikanten ArtenAssoziationen, die Ameisengemeinschaften waren also nicht mosaikartig strukturiert. Aus den Daten kann die Schlussfolgerung abgeleitet werden, dass Epiphyten die Zusammensetzung der Ameisengemeinschaften in den untersuchten Baumkronen kaum beeinflussen, weil Ameisen wahrscheinlich sehr opportunistisch auf unterschiedliche pflanzliche Ressourcen reagieren.
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تاریخ انتشار 2003